The Hohenstein Institute offers testing, certification and research to do with textiles - all-round competence under one roof. Testing Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) is an expanding part of its work. Mariana Schubert, Head of the PPE Test Centre, gives us an insight into the work of her team.
What is actually meant by Personal Protection Equipment?
Nowadays, Personal Protection Equipment or PPE for short is an important part of the safety provision in a number of different jobs. Steel-workers, firemen and road-workers wear special clothing to increase their own safety, and protective clothing is also compulsory in these jobs. PPE is professional or working clothing that has been made to meet special requirements and is designed to protect the wearer from various different risks.
And why are there special tests for PPE?
With PPE, the main priority is to protect the wearer. It therefore has to perform a specific warning function, or protect the wearer from external factors such as heat, flames, cold, electric charges or even rain. In Europe, PPE has to carry the CE mark, and for that the clothing has to be tested by an approved certification centre. As confirmation, the customer receives an EC Type Examination Certificate. The Hohenstein Institute is an authorised certification centre (0555) for PPE.
Firefighters' clothing is in the highest category of PPE, because it has to provide several different kinds of protection. How is that reflected in the tests?
With firefighters' clothing, testing the materials is really critical for the safety of the wearer. The textiles have to be tear-resistant as well as fire- and heat-resistant. The design and high-visibility markings also increase safety - for example, firefighters' clothing has a very specific arrangement of reflective stripes to ensure that the wearer can be seen in any conceivable body position. This also makes the clothing very easy to recognise. The heat and flame-resistance of firefighters' clothing can also be tested with the help of the Thermo Man in Geneva, in cooperation with DuPont.
It is also important that PPE is acceptable to the wearer.
Exactly, you must certainly never lose sight of the human factor. The best PPE is no use at all if people don't wear it correctly, or at all. It is particularly important that the garments are comfortable to wear if they are to be well accepted, because they have to be worn for several hours while doing heavy physical work in all kinds of climatic conditions and under various physical stresses and strains. That's why testing the physiological properties, from the point of view of comfort, is an important part of assessing and optimising PPE.
On the subject of comfort - how can this be objectively tested in lab conditions?
Two important aspects of comfort are breathability and heat insulation. For textile materials, these are calculated using the so-called skin model, in compliance with DIN EN 31092 or ISO 11092. The material is put on a heated, porous, sintered metal plate, through which condensation can pass. The measuring process takes place in clearly defined climatic conditions. We can calculate the permeability to condensation which tells us how much moisture is absorbed by the textile material and how much is given off into the atmosphere, i.e. how breathable it is. We can also calculate the heat loss from the metal plate and therefore how good the thermal insulation is.
For which kind of PPE do you think it is particularly important to optimise the comfort for the wearer?
According to a study in the USA from just a few years ago, in 49% of the cases where firefighters died on duty, the cause of death was circulatory collapse. The reason was that the protective clothing did not take sufficient account of physiological functions. For a long time, the main focus for development work on PPE was protection from heat and flames. Today we know that it also has to help with the body's cooling functions by effectively wicking perspiration away from the body.
When people are working on the roads, being visible to others is very important. What has to be taken into account there?
In principle, warning clothing can be divided into three classes, with Class III setting the highest specifications for its warning effect. There has to be a set number of the reflective strips that are responsible for night-time visibility on the garment, arranged in a particular way. DIN EN 471 also gives clear specifications for the design and for the fluorescent background material which ensures daytime visibility.
And PPE has to provide protection not only when it is new, but throughout its service life.
Indeed, and to make sure of that we also test some of the clothing after preliminary treatments. That includes, for example, washing the garment five times, and then testing its strength and flammability. For rainproof clothing, the textiles are put under mechanical strain by creasing and rubbing them 9000 times, and then they are tested to see if they are still waterproof. We can also simulate ageing in textiles, by exposing the material to xenon light and moisture - this artificial ageing is an additional test which any customers who are interested can use as an extra way to test their products. In our textile testing laboratories, we calculate a rating for the resistance to abrasion and creasing of the textile materials that are being used, and their resistance to tearing and splitting. In our "textile torture chamber", we have a whole range of measuring devices available (see text boxes).
What is the best way of looking after PPE so that it can be used for as long as possible?
If the protective clothing is washed at the wearer's home, then the washing instructions must be observed. However, nowadays more and more textile PPE is processed in commercial laundries. To make sure that this equipment also lasts as long as possible, our experts have defined a special test routine for textile services providers. This means it can be defined in advance how many wash cycles the textiles can go through without greatly reducing the protective effect.
What is actually meant by Personal Protection Equipment?
Nowadays, Personal Protection Equipment or PPE for short is an important part of the safety provision in a number of different jobs. Steel-workers, firemen and road-workers wear special clothing to increase their own safety, and protective clothing is also compulsory in these jobs. PPE is professional or working clothing that has been made to meet special requirements and is designed to protect the wearer from various different risks.
And why are there special tests for PPE?
With PPE, the main priority is to protect the wearer. It therefore has to perform a specific warning function, or protect the wearer from external factors such as heat, flames, cold, electric charges or even rain. In Europe, PPE has to carry the CE mark, and for that the clothing has to be tested by an approved certification centre. As confirmation, the customer receives an EC Type Examination Certificate. The Hohenstein Institute is an authorised certification centre (0555) for PPE.
Firefighters' clothing is in the highest category of PPE, because it has to provide several different kinds of protection. How is that reflected in the tests?
With firefighters' clothing, testing the materials is really critical for the safety of the wearer. The textiles have to be tear-resistant as well as fire- and heat-resistant. The design and high-visibility markings also increase safety - for example, firefighters' clothing has a very specific arrangement of reflective stripes to ensure that the wearer can be seen in any conceivable body position. This also makes the clothing very easy to recognise. The heat and flame-resistance of firefighters' clothing can also be tested with the help of the Thermo Man in Geneva, in cooperation with DuPont.
It is also important that PPE is acceptable to the wearer.
Exactly, you must certainly never lose sight of the human factor. The best PPE is no use at all if people don't wear it correctly, or at all. It is particularly important that the garments are comfortable to wear if they are to be well accepted, because they have to be worn for several hours while doing heavy physical work in all kinds of climatic conditions and under various physical stresses and strains. That's why testing the physiological properties, from the point of view of comfort, is an important part of assessing and optimising PPE.
On the subject of comfort - how can this be objectively tested in lab conditions?
Two important aspects of comfort are breathability and heat insulation. For textile materials, these are calculated using the so-called skin model, in compliance with DIN EN 31092 or ISO 11092. The material is put on a heated, porous, sintered metal plate, through which condensation can pass. The measuring process takes place in clearly defined climatic conditions. We can calculate the permeability to condensation which tells us how much moisture is absorbed by the textile material and how much is given off into the atmosphere, i.e. how breathable it is. We can also calculate the heat loss from the metal plate and therefore how good the thermal insulation is.
For which kind of PPE do you think it is particularly important to optimise the comfort for the wearer?
According to a study in the USA from just a few years ago, in 49% of the cases where firefighters died on duty, the cause of death was circulatory collapse. The reason was that the protective clothing did not take sufficient account of physiological functions. For a long time, the main focus for development work on PPE was protection from heat and flames. Today we know that it also has to help with the body's cooling functions by effectively wicking perspiration away from the body.
When people are working on the roads, being visible to others is very important. What has to be taken into account there?
In principle, warning clothing can be divided into three classes, with Class III setting the highest specifications for its warning effect. There has to be a set number of the reflective strips that are responsible for night-time visibility on the garment, arranged in a particular way. DIN EN 471 also gives clear specifications for the design and for the fluorescent background material which ensures daytime visibility.
And PPE has to provide protection not only when it is new, but throughout its service life.
Indeed, and to make sure of that we also test some of the clothing after preliminary treatments. That includes, for example, washing the garment five times, and then testing its strength and flammability. For rainproof clothing, the textiles are put under mechanical strain by creasing and rubbing them 9000 times, and then they are tested to see if they are still waterproof. We can also simulate ageing in textiles, by exposing the material to xenon light and moisture - this artificial ageing is an additional test which any customers who are interested can use as an extra way to test their products. In our textile testing laboratories, we calculate a rating for the resistance to abrasion and creasing of the textile materials that are being used, and their resistance to tearing and splitting. In our "textile torture chamber", we have a whole range of measuring devices available (see text boxes).
What is the best way of looking after PPE so that it can be used for as long as possible?
If the protective clothing is washed at the wearer's home, then the washing instructions must be observed. However, nowadays more and more textile PPE is processed in commercial laundries. To make sure that this equipment also lasts as long as possible, our experts have defined a special test routine for textile services providers. This means it can be defined in advance how many wash cycles the textiles can go through without greatly reducing the protective effect.
